Mfundo Zofunika Kwambiri Zokhudza Kusankha ndi Kusanthula Mavuto Ofanana

Choteteza mafunde ndi choteteza mafunde chogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri, chikamapirira mafunde amphamvu osakhalitsa, mafunde amphamvu osapitirira muyeso, kuthamanga (10-9s) kuchokera ku mafunde amphamvu oyambira mpaka mafunde otsika osakhazikika, komanso mafunde amphamvu osakhalitsa mpaka mafunde amphamvu osakhazikika, kuti chiteteze bwino zida ndi zida zomvera ku kuwonongeka, ntchito ya mafunde popanda kusokonezedwa.

(1) Zipangizo zodzitetezera ku mafunde zimagawidwa m'magawo atatu
Gawo loyamba limatha kutulutsa mphamvu yamagetsi mwachindunji kapena mphamvu yayikulu yomwe imatumizidwa pamene chingwe chotumizira magetsi chagundidwa mwachindunji ndi mphezi. Chitetezo cha gawo loyamba chidzakhala choletsa magetsi chamagetsi chosinthira magetsi cha magawo atatu, ndipo kutuluka kwake kwa magetsi sikuyenera kuchepera 60kA. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pogawa magetsi onse.
Cholinga cha gawo lachiwiri ndikuchepetsanso mtengo wa magetsi otsalira a surge kudzera mu gawo loyamba la mphezi mpaka 1500-2000v, ndikuyika kulumikizana kwa equipotential kwa lpz1-lpz2. Pamene mphamvu yochotsera mphezi kuchokera pamzere wa kabati yogawa ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chitetezo cha mlingo wachiwiri, mphamvu yochotsera mphezi iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo mphamvu yake yamagetsi siyenera kuchepera 20KA.

Cholinga cha gawo lachitatu ndikuteteza zidazo ndikuchepetsa mtengo wa magetsi otsala kufika pa 1000V. Monga chitetezo cha gawo lachitatu, chidzakhala choletsa mphamvu yamagetsi, ndipo mphamvu yake yamagetsi siyenera kukhala yochepera 10kA. Nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazida zogawa mphamvu zamagetsi.
Machitidwe osiyanasiyana ogawa ayenera kusankha zipangizo zotetezera ma surge, zomwe zingagawidwe m'magulu a TN (TN-S, NC, TN-CS), it ndi TT.

1) Chitetezo chachikulu
Cholinga chake ndikuletsa kuti mphamvu ya ma surge voltage isayende mwachindunji kuchokera ku dera la lpz0 kupita ku dera la lpz1, ndikuchepetsa mphamvu ya ma surge voltage ya makumi zikwi kufika pa mazana zikwi za ma volts kufika pa 2500-3000v.
Pamene choletsa magetsi chamagetsi chomwe chayikidwa mbali yamagetsi otsika a transformer yamagetsi yapakhomo chikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chitetezo cha mulingo woyamba, chidzakhala choletsa magetsi chamagetsi cha magawo atatu, ndipo flux yake yamagetsi siyenera kukhala yochepera 60kA. Mulingo uwu wa choletsa magetsi chamagetsi uyenera kukhala choletsa magetsi champhamvu champhamvu cholumikizidwa pakati pa gawo lililonse la mzere wolowera pakhomo la makina operekera magetsi a wogwiritsa ntchito ndi dziko lapansi. Mphunzitsi Di wa kuphunzitsa pa intaneti za kapangidwe kamagetsi nthawi zambiri amafuna kuti mulingo uwu wa choletsa magetsi chamagetsi ukhale ndi mphamvu yayikulu yokhudza kupitirira 100kA pa gawo lililonse ndipo mphamvu yochepetsera yofunikira ndi yochepera 1500V, yomwe imatchedwa choletsa magetsi chamagetsi cha mulingo wa classi. Zoletsa magetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi izi zimapangidwa kuti zipirire mphamvu yayikulu ya mphezi ndi mphezi zomwe zayambitsidwa ndikukopa mphamvu yayikulu, yomwe imatha kusuntha mphamvu yambiri yamagetsi kupita padziko lapansi. Amangopereka mphamvu yoletsa mphamvu (pamene mphamvu ya impulse current ikuyenda kudzera mu mphamvu ya mphezi, mphamvu yamagetsi yapamwamba kwambiri pamzerewu imatchedwa mphamvu yoletsa mphamvu) ngati chitetezo cha mulingo wapakati, chifukwa chitetezo cha mulingo wa classi chimayamwa mphamvu yayikulu ya surge current, ndipo iwo okha sangateteze kwathunthu zida zamagetsi zomwe zili mkati mwa dongosolo lamagetsi.

Choletsa mphezi champhamvu cha mulingo woyamba chingalepheretse mafunde a mphezi a 10 / 350us ndi 100kA, kufika pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri wotetezedwa womwe wafotokozedwa ndi IEC.
Chidziwitso chaukadaulo ndi ichi: mphezi ya flux ndi yayikulu kuposa kapena yofanana ndi 100kA (10 / 350us); Mtengo wamagetsi wotsalira suyenera kupitirira 2.5KV; Nthawi yoyankhira ndi yochepera kapena yofanana ndi 100ns.
2) Chitetezo chachiwiri
Cholinga chake ndi kuchepetsa mtengo wa magetsi otsala kudzera mu chogwirira magetsi cha level yoyamba kufika pa 1500-2000v, ndikuyika kulumikizana kwa equipotential kwa lpz1-lpz2.
Pamene chotchingira magetsi champhamvu chochokera pamzere wa kabati yogawa chikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chitetezo cha mlingo wachiwiri, chotchingira magetsi choletsa magetsi chiyenera kuyikidwa pamalo ogawa magetsi omwe amapereka mphamvu ku zida zamagetsi zofunika kapena zofunikira, ndipo mphamvu yake yamagetsi siyenera kuchepera 20KA. Bambo Di, pophunzitsa pa intaneti za kapangidwe ka magetsi, zotchingira magetsi zamphamvu izi zimatha kuyamwa bwino mphamvu yotsala ya mafunde yomwe imadutsa mu chotchingira magetsi chomwe chili pamalo olowera magetsi a wogwiritsa ntchito, ndipo zimakhala ndi mphamvu yabwino kwambiri yoletsa mafunde opitilira muyeso.

Mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri ya mphamvu ya mphezi yogwiritsidwa ntchito pano ikufunika kukhala yoposa 45kA pa gawo lililonse, ndipo mphamvu yochepetsera yofunikira iyenera kukhala yochepera 1200V, yomwe imatchedwa ClassII power lightning arrester. Nthawi zambiri, ngati makina operekera magetsi a ogwiritsa ntchito akwaniritsa chitetezo chachiwiri, amatha kukwaniritsa zofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito zida zamagetsi.
Choteteza cha Class C chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati choletsa magetsi cha kalasi yachiwiri kuti chiteteze gawo lonse la gawo I, gawo I ndi gawo I, ndipo magawo akuluakulu aukadaulo ndi awa: mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi ndi yayikulu kuposa kapena yofanana ndi 40ka (8 / 20us); Mtengo wapamwamba wamagetsi otsala suyenera kupitirira 1000V; Nthawi yoyankhira siyenera kupitirira 25ns.

3) Chitetezo cha gawo lachitatu
Cholinga chake ndi kuteteza zida potsiriza pochepetsa mphamvu yamagetsi yotsalira kufika pa 1000V, kuti mphamvu yamagetsi iwononge zidazo.
Pamene choletsa magetsi chamagetsi chomwe chayikidwa kumapeto kwa magetsi a AC a zida zamagetsi chikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chitetezo cha gawo lachitatu, chiyenera kukhala choletsa magetsi chamagetsi chamagetsi champhamvu, ndipo mphamvu yake yamagetsi siyenera kupitirira 10kA.
Pomaliza, chomangira magetsi champhamvu chomangidwa mkati chingagwiritsidwe ntchito mumagetsi amkati mwa zida zamagetsi kuti athetse kwathunthu kupitirira kwamagetsi kwakanthawi kochepa. Bambo Di, pophunzitsa pa intaneti za kapangidwe ka magetsi, mphamvu yayikulu yokhudza kugwedezeka kwa chomangira magetsi champhamvu chomwe chikugwiritsidwa ntchito pano chikufunika kukhala 20KA pa gawo lililonse kapena kutsika, ndipo mphamvu yochepetsera yofunikira iyenera kukhala yochepera 1000V. Pazida zina zamagetsi zofunika kwambiri kapena zovuta, ndikofunikira kukhala ndi chitetezo cha mulingo wachitatu, ndipo chingatetezenso zida zamagetsi ku kupitirira kwamagetsi kwakanthawi komwe kumapangidwa mkati mwa dongosolo. Pamagetsi okonzanso omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazida zolumikizirana za microwave, zida zolumikizirana za siteshoni yoyendera ndi zida za radar, zomangira magetsi za DC zomwe zili ndi magetsi oyenera ogwirira ntchito ziyenera kusankhidwa ngati chitetezo chosakhala mulingo malinga ndi zosowa za chitetezo cha magetsi awo ogwirira ntchito.

4) Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa magetsi okhazikika a zida zotetezedwa
Ngati chitetezo cha mphezi cha magawo awiri chingachepetse mphamvu yamagetsi pansi pa mphamvu yamagetsi yokhazikika ya chipangizocho, chitetezo cha magawo awiri chokha ndichofunika. Ngati mphamvu yamagetsi yokhazikika ya chipangizocho ndi yotsika, chitetezo cha magawo anayi kapena kuposerapo chingafunike. Mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi ya chitetezo cha gawo lachinayi siyenera kuchepera 5ka.
(2) N’chifukwa chiyani fuse ndi circuit breaker ziyenera kukhala patsogolo pa surge protector?
Pamene mphamvu yolowera mumlengalenga ikudutsa mu chitetezo cha mafunde ikukulira kuposa IMAX yake, chitetezo cha mafunde chidzasweka ndikulephera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti dera likhale ndi vuto la mafunde afupi. Kuti muchepetse vuto la mafunde afupi, ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa chotsegula mafunde kapena fuse. Bambo Di, omwe akuphunzitsa za kapangidwe ka magetsi pa intaneti, kuvulala kulikonse kwa mphezi kumayambitsa kukalamba kwa chitetezo cha mafunde. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mphamvu yamagetsi ikhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali, chitetezo cha mafunde chidzatentha kwambiri ndikufulumizitsa ukalamba. Pakadali pano, njira yotetezera kutentha ya chotsegula mafunde kapena fuse iyenera kuchitapo kanthu kuti ichotse chitetezo cha mafunde chisanafike kutentha kovomerezeka.

Zofunikira pa chitetezo cha surge cha fuse ndi circuit breaker: pamene ma pulse 20 standard 8/20 microsecond ndi 1.2/50 microsecond test agwiritsidwa ntchito pansi pa rated current, circuit breaker kapena fuse sidzagwa. Pamene surge protector yasweka ndipo yafupikitsidwa, circuit breaker kapena fuse iyenera kugwira ntchito. Ngati surge protector ndi switching module, chifukwa njira yake yowonongeka ndi open circuit, ikhoza kutetezedwa popanda miniature circuit breaker ndi fuse.
Fuse ndi circuit breaker zonse zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chitetezo chapamwamba cha chitetezo cha surge. Makhalidwe a fuse; Fuse ili ndi ntchito ziwiri zoteteza monga kuchedwa kwa nthawi yayitali ndi instantaneous current yokhala ndi makhalidwe a inverse time limit. Bambo Di, omwe amaphunzitsa pa intaneti za kapangidwe ka magetsi, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati overload ndi short-circuit protection motsatana, ndiko kuti, fuse link iyenera kusinthidwa pambuyo poti cholakwika chaphatikizidwa. Makhalidwe a circuit breaker: circuit breaker ili ndi instantaneous current protection ndi overload thermal protection. Pambuyo poti cholakwika chachotsedwa, chikhoza kubwezeretsedwanso pamanja popanda kusintha zigawo.
Yang'anani kusiyana pakati pa mizere yolowera: Choteteza ma surge cha 440V chiyenera kusankhidwa pa makina a waya asanu a magawo atatu a 280v kapena makina a waya anayi a magawo atatu a 380V. Choteteza ma surge cha 220V chiyenera kusankhidwa pa makina a waya awiri a gawo limodzi a 220V kapena makina a waya atatu a gawo limodzi a 220V. Kuphatikiza apo, dziwani: mulingo woteteza ma surge protector wosankhidwa ndi mulingo wachiwiri wa 280v ya magawo atatu pamzere wolowera wa nyumba yogona; Giredi 3 ya 220V ya gawo limodzi.
Pambuyo poti mzere wa TN-CS wa dongosolo walowa m'bokosi logawa zinthu la nyumbayo, mzere wa cholembera umagawidwa m'mizere ya N ndi mzere wa PE. Ndikofunikira kokha kukhazikitsa choteteza ma surge pakati pa mzere wa gawo I ndi mzere wa cholembera.
Chosinthira chomwe chili patsogolo pa choteteza ma surge chingasankhe fuse ndi circuit breaker. Nthawi zambiri, 40 ~ 63A iyenera kusankhidwa pa IMAX > 40ka ndipo 20 ~ 32A iyenera kusankhidwa pa IMAX < 40ka.

(3) Kodi choteteza mafunde ndi choletsa mphezi ndi chinthu chimodzi?
Ngakhale kuti choteteza ma surge ndi choletsa mphezi zonse zili ndi ntchito yoletsa ma overvoltage, makamaka ma overvoltage a mphezi, komabe zili ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pakugwiritsa ntchito.
1) Zipangizo zotetezera magetsi zimakhala ndi ma voltage osiyanasiyana, kuyambira 0.38kv low voltage mpaka 500kV UHV, pomwe zida zoteteza ma surge nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi ma voltage otsika okha;

2) Zotchingira mphezi nthawi zambiri zimayikidwa pamakina oyambira kuti mphezi zisalowe mwachindunji, pomwe zotchingira mafunde nthawi zambiri zimayikidwa pamakina ena, zomwe ndi njira yowonjezera pambuyo poti chotchingira mphezi chachotsa kulowetsedwa mwachindunji kwa mafunde a mphezi kapena pamene chotchingira mphezi sichichotsa mafunde a mphezi;

3) Chotchingira mphezi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza zida zamagetsi, ndipo choteteza ma surge chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuteteza zida zamagetsi kapena zoyezera;
4) Popeza chogwiriracho chalumikizidwa ku makina oyambira amagetsi, chiyenera kukhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira zotetezera kutentha kwakunja komanso kukula kwakukulu. Chifukwa choteteza kutentha kwa magetsi chalumikizidwa ku magetsi otsika, kukula kwake kungakhale kochepa kwambiri.